1
2
  -2023
..  

( )
:      : 100
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.()        
()        ?
2.     ?        
  
-
3.  '        '     ?
4.    -   ?       
       
-
5.    ?     ?      
     ?
2
2
6.     ?            
 
-
7.        
8.()          '  
()          
3
2
 -2023
..  

( )
:      : 100
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.()        
:   ,   '    ,
           ,    

             , 
  "   "    ,   -  
    ,       '   
    :
1.   :        

             
2.   '   :     '   
 "    "          
   
 
3.  :          ,   
            
   
   :
1.   -:         
           
,  
4
2
           
     -  ,       
 
 
2. -  :      '  ,
-         
 ,   
  
3.    :    '     
             
  
    ,            
             
4.      :       
 
,            '   
            ' 
  ,          

 :
           ,  
         ,  
            
     ,       
            
               
         ,   
        
                
   ,         ,   
            

()        ?
:           
   :        ,     
              
            :
5
2
1.    ?
               
            ,    -
        ,       
             
 ,            
 ,           
'     ,         
 '    
2.   ?
             ,     
                 
   ,   -  -   
     , 
        
   -       -   
   ,     ,   - 
          
3.     ?
                
           ,    
  '      ,     ' 
     ,         
             
        
    :
:         , ,   
   ,    -       
     
  :           ,     
    
   ,       
          
     :
 :    ,      
          ,      
6
2
    
        
   
 :      ,     
   ,        
 :   ,    
   -           
   
         ,      ,
             
 
2.     ?        
  
:    n          
          --   
              
1.   
      -  
    
              
  '      ,       

 -   
        ,  ,     
            ,      
         ,    '  
 :      '   '     
 X  Y  '    '        

         
    
    
2.   
  :              
 
  
    ,        
     
7
2
 :   '           
     
   - 
     
 , 
             
   
   
 :        , 
       
   ,     
     ,          
   ,             
   
:       ,   
       -         

,    
3.       
  :            
                
   '     
  :        
    
             
 
 '        '        
      ,       
              

 :    '  '        
               ':
o           
o      (MRS)    ,     
             
       
    (MRS): ', MRS (   '    
   )            
         
 
  
         
4.    
     $10   
            
$2 ,     $1             
  :
8
2
   5   0 , 4   1 ,      
 
    
         ,   
   
         
       $10           
  ,        
5.     
             
  '         ,   
           ,  
,               

 ,              -
      ,           
      
,         
  
-
3.  '        '     ?
:      ' 
  ,                (
)            

         ,   , ,   
        
 ,      

      , ,      
         , ,       
  , ,         ,    
            ,   , 
             ,    
'     
 '   
9
2
 '       :
1.  '  
             
 , 
         ,   
               ,  
 '        
o  
 :         
        ,       
        ,    , 
      ,        (
      )      ,  
  
o    :      
  '        -  
,           ,  
           
    
2.     
 
 '              
             
   ,    '       
o  
 :    '         
 '     ,        
 
 
     ,   
 ,        

o    :      
      '     
   ,       
   ,          
     
3.  '  
 '              
 
 ,          ,  
           ,    '
       
10
2
o  
 :            
  , ,         
           
 ,        
o    : -    
'       
 -   ,  -
  '    ,      
     
    '  
             
    '       ,   
  
          
 ,          :
Q=f(L,K)Q = f(L,K)Q=f(L,K)
 QQQ    , LLL   ,  KKK      
        ,   '     QQQ
()     
 '  :         
    
 :        
 
 '  :         
    
 
1.  :       '   
    '         , 
          
2.   : '          
             
3.  : -   ' -       
         ,     
       
    
 '      -    :
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2
      
    
         '  '   
  
      
         , 
      ,    '   
   
    '   
1.  '  :
o       (,  , )   ,
          
   
     
2.  '  :
o           ,  
         ,    
      
3.  '  :
o           ,   
            
   
    -     
 ,  '     ,    
,              
        '  , ,     
 ,    '   ,   ,  ,  
   
4.    -   ?       
       
:  1:    
1.   :
A)  
           
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 "  "  
:
o    
o    
o   
o   (, )
o  
)  
       
        
      
:
o    (      )
o      (  '    )
o      (    )
2. -  :
A)            -    

  (FC):
o    
o    '    
o : , ,   
  (VC):
o      
o       
o :  ,   , 
  (TC):
o      
o  =  + 
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)    
     
    

      
  , ,    
3.   :
A)    (AFC))
     
AFC = TFC ÷ 
  '     (    ' )
)    (AVC)
     
AVC = TVC ÷ 
  '       U- 
C)    (ATC  AC)
     
ATC = TC ÷ 
U-  
 =  + 
)   ()
       
MC = TC   ÷   
  ' U- 
AVC  ATC   -  '  
 2:       (LAC)
1.   :
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       :
   
       
          

   
     
2.      :
) 
                 
     
 
 " "     
        
  
) 
-          
              
 
 -    -     
3.        :
      LAC  U-  ,        
    :
A)    ( )
       
-   ,     
:
o  
o    
o   
o    
o  
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)   '  
 
   
   
   -     
     
C)    (  )
    
      
:
o  
o  
o   
o   
4.  :
)  
        
     
     
)  
   
     
    
5. LAC     :
)  
       
      
       
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)   
  
  
 
C)  
 
 
 
6.  :
A)    
   -  
            
      
)  
   
 
  
            
 :
   
 
 
  
 
      U-  LAC       '
   , -     '    - 
 :
  
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 
 
 
 
      :
1.     
2.         
3.       
4.        '  
5.      
          :
  
 
 
 
  / 
   ,            
      
     '         
              
       
-
5.    ?     ?      
     ?
:       ,    

               
,                
                
18
2
               
 ,  ,         
, 
1.    ?
              ,  
     ,      ,  
               
         
       ,
        
;       
  '  
      , 
     
  
 ,     
      
     ,          
2.    
   ,      ,    
        :
a)       
      ,        
      
        
    
 
)   () 
              
  , ,       
  
     
        '
    
c)    
              
     ,         
;   - ,          
           
d)  
     ,       
         - 
       
      
19
2
e)     

        
 ,    
               ,
         

f)    
  , ,        
    
            
 
              
'               
3.          ?
      ,          
           :
a)     
   ,   ( )   ( )  
            
 
  -  '    ,     
 
      '    
b)  
    '         
            ',    
  
,      
c)    

      ,     
       
        '
           '  
          
d)        
-:   ,   (  )     
      ,      
,           ,  

         
 
20
2
 :   ,             
      
  (    

),           
 
       ,   -     

4.    :   
  , 
         
 :
1.  :
o        ( 
   -   ,
    ),          (-
   ,     )
o         ,    ,   
    
2.    :
o          ,   
 '         
    
  '      
5.      
:
:              
  ( ) '        
       ( )     
 : 
      
 , 
        
:
- :         

            
          
  :
           , 
          , 
  
        
21
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6.    
   -       ,  
    
 ,        ,   
         '     

               
'   ,              
           
 
       ,         , 
           ,   -
       ,        
  
 
6.     ?            
 
:      
  ?
               
       
     '  
     -             
   :
1.  :         
o :   ,       
2.    
:       

o :  ,      
    

3.  :      
o    ,      
o     '      
4.   :       
 
22
2
o    (, )
o   (  )
o   (  ' )
5.   :        
   :
  (, )
- 
   
     
     
    :
         :
     
 
        
    
         :
1.  :     
o        (MC)   (MR)  

o     '       
2.       :
o  : MC = MR
o  : MC  MR      
3.    :
o   -      ( MC = MR)
o     '       
o   '   MR   
   -   :
23
2
1. - :
o   >    (ATC)
o       
 
o :  
      
2.  :
o   = ATC
o        
 
o         
3. :
o   < ATC but > AVC (  )
o         
o :      
     
    :
       :
    -   
      
    

     :
1.    :
o          
o           
2.     
:
o          

o         
3.  :
o    ,  -     
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o        
     :
1.  :
o    MC =    MR
o    MC  MR    
2.  :
o       
o        
o      
-   :
1.   :
o         
o     
2.  :
o -     
o        
3.  :
o          
o       
   
   ?
   -   -    
   :
1. -:
o              
o :    
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2. -:
o -   - 
o :  ,  
3. -:
o -    - 
o e:  ,   
   
:
1.   :
o   '   
 
o       
2.   :
o      
o : 
3.  :
o   
o    
:
1.  :
o         
o    
2.   :
o       
o     
3. :
o     
o -     
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   
  :
1.  :
o      
o -  
2.  :
o -  
o  
3. -  :
o  
o   

           
    
            ,  
              
                
  
   :
           
 
    -      
       '  -    
      
          
       :
       
      
     
          
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-
7.        
:   :   
-
  (1772-1823)         
       ,   1817   "
    "    ,     
   
  ,         
 
   ?
  ,              
             ,   
         
     
1.       
2.     
3.         
4.      '   
5.       
6.           
7.    
8.     
    
   
1.  :
o  ,     ,       ( )  
   
o         
 
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o         
2.  :
o -   ,     
o    ( )  
 
o       
o              
3.  :
o           
o       '  
o  A  B    
 
 
     :
    : 100  
     : 80  
     : 60  
   : $10
      
 :
-   = (100 - 60) × $10 = $400
-    = (80 - 60) × $10 = $200
-    = 0 (   )
    
1.  
           
      
 
          


2.  
        
    

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2
       ,   
3.  
   '   

       
    ,    
4.    
             

       
      
    
1.    
      '   
        
  '    
2.    
     
   /     
      
3.   
       
      
    
  
1.  
    
 
  

     
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2.  
    '    
      
   '  

3.  
         
        
        
4.  
        
      
 '  

     
   ,      :
1.  
o         
o      
o     
2.  
o     
o     
o      
3.  
o         
o       
o     
31
2
    
1.    
o      
o      
o      
2.   
o     
 
o  - 
o     
3.   
o     
o   
o     

    ,   19
       , 
             
            ,   
    
      :
      
 ?
      
      
  
       
     ,       - 
       -    
          
32
2
8.()          '  
:!                 
       2000     
 ,      
   
     
       -
 ,      
     
       ,  .    .   
              "" '
  ,           '   
19
   ,     "   "   
,               
 
    '      ,      
   
;          
      
1.     :
o            , 
  
  
         

  ,    
    , 
           
 ,  
  
2.     :
o    ,          
       
      
  '    
     ,  
   , 
         

3.   :
o            
:
 :         
 :      
 :       ,   
   
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o   ,            ,
               
4.       :
o      (      ) ,
              
,      
5.    :
o         ()    
  ,          
,      '     

  
     '   :
    :          
 , 
               
   '     :     
   
    :        ,  
   
    
            ,     
  :
1.     
:
o           ,    
 ,    (     '  
)   (       
 )    
 ,        

2.    :
o                 '
            ,  
       
     
       
 
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3.       :
o  ,         ,   
              
            
     
 
4.      
:
o   ,       ( 
)   ()       
      ,       
          
  
5.        :
o              
       ,    
         ,     
          
     
   ,          
             
              
  
  '   
        
 , 

              

 ,         '         
     ,      
     
   ,           ,  
                
   
 
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()          
:                
          ,    
           
    '
 
            
-  
    :
  
"   "        
  
  , ,             
          ,   , ,  
  
   
1.    :       '   
  
 
 ,             ,
         
2.    :     
       
               
,             
      
    ,      ""    , 
""        :
         (   
 ), 
     
       
         (     
 ),       
      

               
       
1.  :         ,   
    
2.  :            
'       ,    
 
36
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3.  :            
 , 
           ,    
,       ,       
       
1.    :   ,       
        ,     
2.  :   ,        
,  
 
3.  :      (     ),  
       
   
           ( ) ,  
( )   
      ,    
 ( )  ,      
       
 , ""      ,         
  - 
        :
1.   :  , ,      '
   - 

 
2.    :         
     ,        
3.  :          
,           
    
              

                
         - 
  ,    
           

               
                
,  ,             
37
2
           ,  
             
"               

       ,         "